In China, where around 10 million Catholics reside, worshipers face a dilemma between attending state-sanctioned churches or underground congregations loyal to the Vatican. The foreign ministry of China acknowledged Lin's appointment as evidence of the smooth implementation of the 2018 agreement and expressed willingness to further enhance relations with the Vatican. Experts suggest that this move by the Pope represents a commitment to reconciliation over antagonism, continuing a trend initiated by Pope Francis's earlier recognition of several bishops appointed by the Chinese government. The Vatican and China have sought to mend diplomatic ties severed since 1951, with periodic struggles reflecting the complexities of religious governance in a state-controlled environment.