In brief
India is producing breakthrough antibiotics like Enmetazobactam and Zaynich to combat drug-resistant infections that have caused millions of deaths and threaten public health. Experts emphasize urgent reforms in prescription practices and infection control to ensure the longevity of these new treatments.
India is taking significant strides to address the alarming rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, commonly known as "superbugs", which have contributed to over 1.14 million deaths globally in 2021, according to The Lancet. With a staggering 300,000 deaths attributed to drug-resistant infections in India alone in 2019, the urgency to find effective solutions has never been clearer. New locally-developed antibiotics are emerging as potential game-changers in this battle against resistance.One such innovation is Enmetazobactam, created by Chennai-based Orchid Pharma. It has become the first antimicrobial from India to earn approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This injectable drug provides a unique approach to tackling infections by targeting the bacteria's protective enzymes rather than the bacteria itself. By neutralizing these enzymes, Enmetazobactam allows other antibiotics to work more effectively, preserving vital last-line treatments.Clinical trials spanning 19 countries and involving over 1,000 patients have confirmed its effectiveness. Dr. Maneesh Paul, its lead co-inventor, highlights its specific use in critical care settings, administered intravenously to severely ill patients.Mumbai-based Wockhardt is also contributing to this crucial fight with its antibiotic Zaynich, currently in Phase-3 trials and expected to launch next year. Dr. Habib Khorakiwala, Wockhardt's founder, emphasizes Zaynich's unique design aimed at combating major superbugs. Preliminary tests on critically ill patients have shown promising survival rates even in the face of extensive antibiotic resistance.Additionally, Wockhardt is working on Nafithromycin (MIQNAF), a three-day oral treatment for bacterial pneumonia. With an impressive 97% success rate in trials, it is set for public release next year.Meanwhile, Bengaluru's Bugworks Research, in collaboration with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP), is developing a new class of antibiotics now in early trials. However, the CEO, Anand Anandkumar, mentioned that antibiotic research struggles to attract significant funding compared to other therapeutic areas.To compound the issue, a recent report by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) revealed concerning trends in antibiotic resistance across major pathogens, notably E.coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The report highlights a concerning decline in efficacy among commonly used antibiotics, particularly against carbapenems, critical in managing serious infections.While these new drugs offer hope, experts stress that without reforming antibiotic prescription practices and improving infection control measures, the threat of resistance will persist. Hospitals in India often rely on broad-spectrum antibiotics, fueling resistance. Shifting to narrow-spectrum options and enhancing the capacity of medical facilities to conduct proper diagnosis and treatment is critical.Dr. Kamini Walia of ICMR warns against the mismanagement that plagued previous blockbuster drugs, urging for new drugs to be used responsibly. She adds that a multifaceted approach, addressing hygiene, sanitation, and education in medical practices is essential. The message is clear: as bacteria evolve rapidly, uncertainties loom over future treatments. Coordinated efforts toward innovation, responsible usage, and systemic changes are necessary to combat the looming crisis of antimicrobial resistance effectively.
