Economic and Social Disruption: The Impact of Uganda's Internet Shutdown

Mobile money agent Mirembe Tracy laments that her business in Uganda's bustling capital Kampala was paralysed when the government shut the internet during last week's fiercely contested general election.

All withdrawals were disconnected, she tells the BBC, adding that she gets nearly all of her income from withdrawal commissions.

Without it, her income dropped to zero.

In one week I can earn up to 450,000 [Ugandan] shillings (£96; $130). That money is what I use to pay rent. Losing it was a total loss, she says.

For two days either side of the election, there was nothing she could do but stay at home - she could only sell prepaid airtime credit, which she says does not give a commission.

Uganda's communications authority ordered the nationwide shutdown to ensure peace, protect national stability and prevent the misuse of communication platforms during a sensitive national exercise.

The opposition said it was a move to cover up voter fraud and stop its agents from sharing the results from polling stations.

Either way, it brought many aspects of modern life to a halt.

Online businesses that rely on mobile money transactions were most affected by the blackout, with some coming to a standstill while others reverted to cash-based transactions.

Kampala is famous for its ubiquitous boda boda (motorcycle) taxis, with many operators earning their income through online ride-hailing apps.

The co-founder of SafeBoda told local media that the platform's entire server was down during the internet suspension, with many riders forced off the road and other businesses that depend on the service deprived of their income.

Namukwaya Olivia, who sells traditional cultural clothing and depends heavily on Instagram, TikTok and WhatsApp to reach customers, says she did not make any deliveries during the period.

She tells the BBC that many of her customers ask for pictures before deciding on what to buy.

We could not send pictures, we could not receive orders, and we could not make deliveries, the businesswoman says.

She adds that the effect of the shutdown was immediate and made it difficult to cover basic costs.

We couldn't pay rent during that period, she says. Even now, things have not fully recovered because customers still struggle to access us online.

Journalist Ngabo Amon says his smartphone, a work tool for him, became largely useless.

You have a phone, but there is nothing to do with it, he tells the BBC.

He could no longer research stories, follow election developments or send material to his newsroom.

He says everyday life transformed into anxious stretches of waiting for the internet to be restored.

Some households reverted to watching television to keep themselves occupied, either watching live, or buying downloaded old movies from shops.

People bought what they could afford and just watched, because there were no other options, Ngabo says.

Young people found it difficult to cope. Ronnie Mwesigwa, 20, lost contact with friends and had no access to online entertainment.

I couldn't communicate with anyone, and even gaming was gone, he says.

To pass his time, the gamer turned to content already stored on his phone, only viewing his gallery.

That was all I could do.

Ngabo explains that the situation was especially frustrating for journalists covering the election, as the blackout made it impossible to get a real picture of what was unfolding on the ground.

President Yoweri Museveni won the vote by a landslide to extend his 40-year-rule and has accused the opposition of seeking to overturn the results through violence.

According to a report by the African Union (AU) election observation mission, the internet shutdown limited access to information, freedom of association, and curtailed economic activities and created suspicion and mistrust in the election process.

For students, the blackout disrupted both communication and learning. Aaron Benitez, a final-year school pupil, says he was unable to contact his family during a period of uncertainty, halting online classes and group discussions.

The government partially restored the internet after Museveni was declared the winner, but some platforms, especially social media, remain slow or restricted.

For many, the shutdown was not just a temporary inconvenience but a stark reminder of how deeply digital access shapes their everyday life.